GES, the Law and the Ban on ​Corporal Punishment

The Ghana Education Service (GES) in 2017 officially banned all forms of corporal punishment of children in schools in Ghana as part of efforts aimed at promoting a safe and protective learning environment for children.^[1]The GES directed in January 2019 that a Positive Discipline Toolkit which gives alternatives to corporal punishments be adopted by all teachers. The Director of Guidance and Counselling Unit of the GES, Ivy Kumi on Citi TV’s “The Point of View”^[2]urged parents to take on teachers who cane their children as same amounts to an assault on the children. 

Interestingly, section 31(i) of The Criminal Offences Act, 1960 (Act 29) provides that force or harm may be justified on the grounds of an authority to correct a child, servant, or other similar person, for misconduct. Force used in the correction or discipline of children in Ghana have over the decades included corporal punishments like caning, kneeling down and spanking.

Placing a ban on corporal punishments without a legislative amendment of Act 29 may not have the effective force of law needed to enforce the ban. This is because going by the hierarchy of norms, a legislation passed by Parliament overrides a directive^[3]of a government agency operating under a Ministry. As it stands now, a breach of the ban may not necessarily lead to a conviction for the offence of assault so long as it can be argued that the punishment was justifiable and reasonable^[4]. Disciplinary proceedings by the GES Disciplinary Committee may be all that a teacher will face.

If the Service after its research considers a ban on corporal punishments a good education policy, a legislative amendment should follow to strip corporal punishments of any remaining legality.^[5]

---

^[1]Ghana Education Service letter dated 10^thJanuary, 2019 with reference number GES/G&C-HQ/C/VOL.3 to all Regional Directors of education, signed by the Deputy Director-General (MS) for the Director-General.

^[2]31^stJanuary 2019; https://citinewsroom.com/2019/01/31/parents-can-deal-with-abusive-teachers-who-beat-their-kids-ges/

^[3]At best, this directive if adopted by the Ministry of Education may be considered an administrative instrument.

^[4]Section 32 of Act 29 provides the general limits of justifiable force or harm and adds that it must not extend beyond the amount and kind of force reasonably necessary for the purpose for which force is permitted to be used.

^[5]Section 3 of the Ghana Education Service Act, 1995 (Act 506) on functions of the Service provides that it is the duty of the Service to submit to the Minister recommendations for educational policies and programmes.